<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">AP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ASTRA Proceedings</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">AP</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ASTRA Proc.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2199-3963</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/ap-1-29-2014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Cosmic ray particles from exploding massive stars with winds</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Biermann</surname>
<given-names>P. L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy  Bonn (MPIfR), Bonn, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Physics &amp; Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Nuclear Physics (IKP), KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Physics &amp; Astronomy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>27</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>1</volume>
<fpage>29</fpage>
<lpage>31</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2014 P. L. Biermann</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://ap.copernicus.org/articles/1/29/2014/ap-1-29-2014.html">This article is available from https://ap.copernicus.org/articles/1/29/2014/ap-1-29-2014.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://ap.copernicus.org/articles/1/29/2014/ap-1-29-2014.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://ap.copernicus.org/articles/1/29/2014/ap-1-29-2014.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The origin of cosmic rays is still unsettled. Many sources have been proposed
over the years, and exploding stars still provide the most promising
candidates. Here we examine one of these scenarios, and compare the resulting
predictions with data: Massive stars have winds, and when these stars
explode, the resulting shock runs through the wind. The observable phenomenon
is called radio-supernova, and many have been observed in non-thermal radio
emission. This emission allows to determine the magnetic field in the wind as
a function of radius, and so allows to check, whether such explosions can
achieve the high energies required and also explain the flux and the spectra
of cosmic rays. The observations show this to be the case, and so we conclude
that radio supernovae can explain the high-energy Galactic cosmic rays over
the entire energy range, and that the spectral predictions are compatible
with observations.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="3"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Baade, W. and Zwicky, F.: Cosmic rays from supernovae, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 20, 259–263, 1934.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Becker, J. K., Black, J. H., Safarzadeh, M., and and Schuppan, F.: Tracing the Sources of Cosmic Rays with Molecular Ions, Astrophys. J. Lett., 739, L43, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/739/2/L43&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/739/2/L43&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Bell, A. R. and Lucek, S. G.: Cosmic ray acceleration to very high energy through the non-linear amplification by cosmic rays of the seed magnetic field, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 321, 433–438, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04063.x&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04063.x&lt;/a&gt;, 2001.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Berezinsky, V. S., Bulanov, S. V., Dogiel, V. A., Ginzburg, V. L., and Ptuskin, V. S.: Astrophysics of Cosmic Rays, Amsterdam, North-Holland, 534 pp., 1990.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Bieging, J. H., Abbott, D. C., and Churchwell, E. B.: A survey of radio emission from Galactic OB stars, Astrophys. J., 340, 518–536, 1989.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Biermann, P. L.: Cosmic rays. 1. The cosmic ray spectrum between 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; GeV and 3 x 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; GeV, Astron. Astrophys., 271, 649–661, 1993.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G.: The Explosion of a Rotating Star As a Supernova Mechanism, Astron. Zh., 47, 813–816, 1970 (translation: Sov. Astron. A. J., 14, 652–655, 1970).</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S. and Moiseenko, S. G.: Magnetorotational Supernovae with Jets, Chinese J. Astron. Ast., Supplement, 8, 330–340, 2008.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">de Jager, O.: Unidentified Gamma-Ray Sources as Ancient Pulsar Wind Nebulae, ICRC 2009, 1–4, arXiv:0906.2644, 2009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Dermer, C. D.: Neutrino, Neutron, and Cosmic-Ray Production in the External Shock Model of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophys. J., 574, 65–87, 2002.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Drury, L. O&apos;C.: An introduction to the theory of diffusive shock acceleration of energetic particles in tenuous plasmas, Rep. Prog. Phys., 46, 973–1027, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/46/8/002&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/46/8/002&lt;/a&gt;, 1983.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Fransson, C. and Björnsson, C.-I.: Radio Emission and Particle Acceleration in SN 1993J, Astrophys. J., 509, 861–878, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/306531&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1086/306531&lt;/a&gt;, 1998.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Heinz, S. and Sunyaev, R.: Cosmic rays from microquasars: A narrow component to the CR spectrum?, Astron. Astrophys., 390, 751–766, 2002.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Jokipii, J. R.: Rate of energy gain and maximum energy in diffusive shock acceleration, Astrophys. J., 313, 842–846, 1987.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Kolmogorov, A. N.: Dissipation of Energy in the Locally Isotropic Turbulence, in: Turbulence and Stochastic Process: Kolmogorov&apos;s Ideas 50 Years On, 8 July 1991, translation: P. Roy. Soc. A-Math. Phy., 434, 9–13, 1991, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 30, 301–305, 1941.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Krauss, M. I., Soderberg, A. M., Chomiuk, L., Zauderer, B. A., Brunthaler, A., Bietenholz, M. F., Chevalier, R. A., Fransson, C., and Rupen, M.: Expanded Very Large Array Observations of the Radio Evolution of SN 2011dh, Astrophys. J. Lett., 750, L40, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/750/2/L40&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/750/2/L40&lt;/a&gt;, 2012.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lagage, P. O. and Cesarsky, C. J.: The maximum energy of cosmic rays accelerated by supernova shocks, Astron. Astrophys., 125, 249–257, 1983.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Milisavljevic, D., Margutti, R., Soderberg, A. M., et al.: Multi-wavelength Observations of Supernova 2011ei: Time-dependent Classification of Type IIb and Ib Supernovae and Implications for Their Progenitors, Astrophys. J., 767, 71, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/71&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/71&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Soderberg, A. M., Kulkarni, S. R., Berger, E., Chevalier, R. A., Frail, D. A., Fox, D. B., and Walker, R. C. : The Radio and X-Ray-Luminous Type Ibc Supernova 2003L, Astrophys. J., 621, 908–920, 2005.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Soderberg, A. M., Chevalier, R. A., Kulkarni, S. R., and Frail, D. A.: The Radio and X-ray Luminous SN 2003bg and the Circumstellar Density Variations Around Radio Supernovae, Astrophys. J., 651, 1005–1018, 2006.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Soderberg, A. M., Brunthaler, A., Nakar, E., Chevalier, R. A., and Bietenholz, M. F.: Radio and X-ray Observations of the Type Ic SN 2007gr Reveal an Ordinary, Non-relativistic Explosion, Astrophys. J., 725, 922–930, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Tibolla, O., Vorster, M., Kaufmann, S., Ferreira, S., and Mannheim, K.: Are most of the VHE gamma-ray unidentified sources relic PWNe?, ICRC 2013, 4 pp., arXiv:1306.6833, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>